sulla primary sources sulla primary sources

Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (l. 138 - 78 BCE) enacted his constitutional reforms (81 BCE) as dictator to strengthen the Roman Senate's power. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. [16] His father may have served as praetor, but details are unclear; his father married twice and Sulla' stepmother was of considerable wealth, which certainly helped the young Sulla's ambitions. He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. Ozzy Osbourne Grandchildren, Dalton Smith Pogo Stick, Best Basketball Camps In Ontario, Rinnai R53i Parts Diagram, Mennonite Vs Amish Vs Mormon, Also useful for understanding Sulla's career are the article by E. Baddian . Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. They had, however, fallen on hard times. The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays, Atellan farces, a kind of crude comedy. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. Wikipedia entry. Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. [57], The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. What Is a Primary Source? He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential Caecilii Metelli and the Pompeys. As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. He was also notorious for his personal relationships . These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . Roman military leaders. In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. The collection currently contains . However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. Guide. The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over". Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that he retired to a life spent in dissolute luxuries, and he "consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long." Historical documents : how to read them. 107/14 The dissolute lifestyle of L.Sulla, as a young man. Primary Sources Sallust. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy.[74]. [112] However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. In 46 BC Julius Caesar appointed him governor of the province of Africa. Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. [116] Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and Gaius Norbanus who had dangerously divided their forces. J. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. Categories . [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. [84] Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. Find these with these special Subject terms. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. His execution in AD 62 on the orders of emperor Nero made him the last of the Cornelii Sullae. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. [49] At this meeting, Sulla was told by a Chaldean seer that he would die at the height of his fame and fortune. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy.