Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. Narcolepsy is associated with reduced levels of the signaling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain (De la Herrn-Arita & Drucker-Coln, 2012; Han, 2012), and the traditional stimulant drugs do not have direct effects on this system. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Upset stomach and vomiting. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. Sore throat. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. b. life expectancy has reached a new high. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. Feeling tired. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Loss of appetite. Weakness and fatigue. Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. . The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. Treatment. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. Obstructive sleep apneaoccurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. The low cost coupled with lower risk of overdose than with opiate drugs is making crystal meth a popular choice among drug users today (NIDA, 2019). Sleep is not a uniform state of being. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Complications. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. 3. These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). 1. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. . Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks.